Paul Samuelson s Erroneous Prediction Of Soviet Growth

Paul Samuelson’s Erroneous Prediction of Soviet Growth Paul Samuelson, the regarded Neo-Keynesian who among other well-received publications gifted the world it’s most popular economic textbook, which provided the world’s scholars an innovative, comprehensive catalogue of economic ideas. Millions of successful sales, and publication in various languages only cemented its dominance in the textbook and educational industry. This great success was not without some blunders, however. Starting in his 1961 edition of Economics, Samuelson first published a graph and accompanying text predicting the future growth of the Soviet Union, and comparing it to that of the United states. At the time, he gauged that the economic output of the USSR was at half that of the US, and though for this first, and several following editions, he suggested higher growth rates in the USSR, the ratio of economic output stayed relatively the same until the fall of the Soviet Union. In 1989, the year of the fall of the Berlin wall, in his 13th edition of his Economics Samuelson can be quoted, â€Å"The soviet economy is proof that, contrary to what many skeptics had earlier believed, a socialist command economy can function and even thrive.† In this paper I will examine Samuelson’s ideas regarding the Soviet Union’s economy, what the economy really way, how it matched up to economist’s expectations, and what lessons can be learned from this experience. For the static underlying ideas of this article,

The Israelites Evil Behavior Defying Of The Holy One Of...

In these verses Paul details the specifics of the Israelites evil behavior in defying of the Holy One of Israel and His judgment. In verse 8 most scholars believe Paul to have summarized the events of Num25:1-9. Moses records acts of immorality and idol worship in verses 1 and 2 when he writes, while Israel remained at Shittim, the people began to play the harlot with the daughters of Moab. 2 For they invited the people to the sacrifices of their gods, and the people ate and bowed down to their gods. God s anger against them was turned by the brutal heroism of Phinehas (Num25:7-9). Psa106:30-31 records: Then Phinehas stood up and intervened, and the plague was stayed. 31 And that was counted to him as righteousness from†¦show more content†¦Paul has not exceeded the truth. There were at least twenty three thousand that fell, though there might have been more. Garland seems to understand that Paul got twenty three thousand from a deliberate mixture of Num25:9 and Ex32:28. Garland says, Paul appears to have chosen Exod.32:28 as the model for his wording, they fell, [in that] one day and three thousand and combined if with the twenty from the Numbers text. Since twenty four is a much more common multiple than twenty three in the OT, it (twenty four) would seem to be a deliberate choice. Nevertheless Paul s point and warning is quite clear. Take heed fellow saints God demonstrated His mighty vengeance against the sins of willful immorality and idol worship. Paul s next warning comes from the example of Israel s trying, tempting or testing (G1598 ÃŽ µÃŒâ€œÃŽ ºÃâ‚¬ÃŽ µÃŽ ¹Ã ÃŽ ±ÃŒ ÃŽ ¶Ãâ€°, ekpeirazoÌ„) the Lord (G5547 ÃŽ §Ã ÃŽ ¹ÃÆ'Ï„Î ¿ÃŒ Ãâ€š, Christos) meaning the anointed or Messiah or Jesus Christ. As he did in 10:4, Paul again makes OT reference to our Savior in the wilderness. Psa78:18 and 106:14 testify that the Israeli nation tempted (H5254 ×  Ã— ¡Ã—” naÌ‚saÌ‚h naw-saw ) God in the dessert. As the Israelites journeyed around the land of Edom by way of the Red Sea they became impatient and railed against God and Moses because they feared death in the wilderness for lack of food and water. (See Num21:4-5, Psa78:19) God s snake judgment is seen in Num21:6 The

Cause And Effect Of A Disabled Person With The People With...

Living in a world where there are so many controversies it is borderline impossible to not support some sort of cause. Examples of some of the more talked about causes in 2015 would be equal rights for women, marriage and gender equality, and the legalization of marijuana . These causes are most likely talked about most in America because no matter what they will have an affect on almost every person living in America. There are some more matters that most people do not hear about as much due to the fact that they only affect a small minority of the population- people with intellectual/physical disabilities. There are many popular organizations that do reach out to those who are living with a disability, but most of them do not go as far as helping build a career for someone with a disability. Most employers are scared to hire them due to ignorance and the popular belief that a disabled person is totally unable to perform a task with the same, if not more, quality. Throughout history, people with disabilities of all kinds in the United States have been given the short end of the stick in the work place. There are over 21 million working adults with disabilities in the United States, but out of all of those people â€Å"only four out of ten work full- or part time† (DePaul University). Even though forty percent of working-aged people with disabilities having some sort of employment does sound impressive, the nondisabled employment rate is now at a whopping eightyShow MoreRelatedMedical Marijuana And Medical Therapy2626 Words   |  11 PagesMedical marijuana refers to the use of cannabis as medical therapy in the palliative sense to treat diseases or alleviate symptoms. This treatment modality has proven to be a highly debatable issue within the medical field due to the use of this substance as an illicit drug. â€Å"The National Youth Risk Behavior Survey monitors priority health risk behaviors that contribute to the leading causes of death, disability, and social problems among youth and adults in the United States† (Center for DiseaseRead MoreDrug Trafficking And The United States10785 Words   |  44 Pagesincrease in drug trafficking has resulted to a radical increase in the number of people who are affected by the illegal drugs. In the United States, the number has risen to about 19.9 billions. This paper will therefore discuss drug trafficking, its causes, effects, prevention and war against it. Whoever will read this paper, he or she will be able to take care of themselves from drug selling, consumption and production. The person will also be able to teach and help others on how to leave or protect themselvesRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Trafficking10787 Words   |  44 Pagesheroin, marijuana and cocaine. The system of drug trafficking in the United States as well as in other countries and continents remains very complex. Although the government and non-government bodies have set important laws to exclude the practice, drug trafficking has been a disturbing problem for many years. Many people who venture into this dangerous and prohibited business do it in search for money. It has been a belief that drug trafficking gives people a lot of money. As a result, people are ready

Assess the Usefulness of Functionalist Approaches in...

Functionalists look at society as a whole. They explain crime and deviance by stating that the source of deviance lies in the nature of society rather than the individual. Durkheim states that crime and deviance is inevitable and a certain level is necessary for society to exist. He also claims that it is a positive aspect of society as it shows examples of rights and wrongs within society and by punishing offenders, through ways such as public humiliation and portraying crime as wrong, raises awareness of crime and therefore deters others from committing crime along with creating a collective conscience. He also argues that crime and deviance allows social change to occur which is needed in order for society to remain stable. Durkheim’s†¦show more content†¦He believes that the formation of the subcultures release the status frustration by creating their own values for achieving status and therefore deviant behaviour becomes normal and valued within the group. This is useful when looking at explanations of crime as it highlights that crime and deviance is a collective rational response to the norms and values of society. However, Cohen fails to consider why women in society commit crimes and form subcultures. He has also been criticised as we cannot be sure that the working class know the middle class values enough in order to purposely reject them. Furthermore, Cloward and Ohlin combine Merton and Cohen’s theories by stating that there is a legitimate opportunity such as passing exams and getting a job, and an illegitimate opportunity, such as gangs. They believe that the working class have easier access to the illegitimate structure meaning that it is easier for them to commit more crimes and so face more pressure to do so. Cloward and Ohlin claim that there are 3 types of subcultures: criminal subculture in which people climb the professional criminal hierarchy, conflict subculture in which there is little/no social cohesion and retreatest subcultures in which people fail in both the legitimate and illegitimate opportunity and retreat to things such as alcohol and drugs. This is useful when looking at explanations of crime as it highlights theShow MoreRelatedFunctionalism and Crime and Deviance Essay913 Words   |  4 Pagesand elsewhere, assess the usefulness of functionalist approaches in explaining crime (21 Marks) Item A Functionalist sociologists focus on how far individuals accept the norms and values of society. Central to their study of crime is the attempt to understand why people break the rules of society. Despite their focus on the importance of shared norms and values, functionalists see a small amount of crime as necessary and beneficial to society. The publicity given to crime highlights theRead Morecrime and deviance4817 Words   |  20 Pagesï » ¿ SCLY4 Crime and Deviance with Theories Methods Past Papers Use the following past papers to practise your exam writing techniques and aid your revision. Make sure you look at the mark scheme for each question to assess your answer. Also check the ‘model answers’ from students to see where good AO1 and AO2 marks were scored. Crime and Deviance Different theories of crime, deviance, social order and social control. The social distribution of crime and deviance by ageRead MoreSociology A2 Revision 2012 34479 Words   |  18 PagesWednesday 13th June, am Unit 4 exam: Tuesday 19th June, pm Easter Revision: tbc A2 Syllabus: AQA Sociology GCE (new specification) Unit 3: Mass Media (SCLY3) Worth 20% of your final A Level Written paper, 1 hour 30 minutes 60 marks available Unit 4: Crime and Deviance with Theory and Methods (SCLY4) Worth 30% of your final A Level Written paper, 2 hours 90 marks available Timetable Use your revision checklists to draw up a timetable for revision leading up to the exam. Make sure you cover everythingRead MoreSociology Essay20437 Words   |  82 PagesAssignment 19 Mid Module Review and Unit 2.8 Researching Education 20 Unit 3.2 Primary Sources (1) Quantitative Methods: Surveys, Questionnaires and Interviews Mock exams during Spring Term Unit 3.1 Sociological Investigation 21 6 22 Unit 3.3 Primary Sources (2) Qualitative Research: Observation, Case Studies and Life History 23 Unit 3.4 Secondary Sources 24 Unit 3.5 Assessing Methods 25 Unit 3.6 Reporting and Presenting Research 26 7 Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pageschapters as a starting point for getting to grips with the field of organization theory. Dr Martin Brigham, Lancaster University, UK McAuley et al. provide a highly readable account of ideas, perspectives and practices of organization. By thoroughly explaining, analyzing and exploring organization theory the book increases the understanding of a field that in recent years has become ever more fragmented. Organization theory is central to managing, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informalRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesManaging Workforce Diversity 18 †¢ Improving Customer Service 18 †¢ Improving People Skills 19 †¢ Stimulating Innovation and Change 20 †¢ Coping with â€Å"Temporariness† 20 †¢ Working in Networked Organizations 20 †¢ Helping Employees Balance Wo rk–Life Conflicts 21 †¢ Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library

Impact of Market Technology-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Market Technology on Marketing Research in todays Business. Answer: Introduction The consideration is about how the technology works with the marketing development and utilizing the perspective with search engine results. The social network, with sponsored online retail content, online reviews and ratings is depending upon the blog posts and the web development. On the consumer side, the marketing standards for ResMarket Pty in Sydney are set with the integration into everyday life. The information is available depending upon the social networks and setting the browsing behavior. ResMarket Pty in Sydney works on the efficiency with the effective collection of the data where the major research tool is social media. The track is about how the effective system is able to analyze the specific areas like the specific forums. (Hair Lukas, 2014). Impact of technology on Marketing Research The impact of technology has focus on the internet where the product and the consumer lifecycles are changing mainly due to the technology. Here, the integration or related services are for the financial and estate services where price, internet is considered as a great source of information. The company needs to provide with the best services, product and the after-sale services. Here, with the technological advancement is set with the major impact on the marketing research makes use of the biometrics. The automation is based on the will to express and share the volumes with market researchers. (Parasuraman Grewal, 2000). The improved computational speeds are set with the optimized pricing and targeting strategies with advanced tools to analyze the market research data. The sellers are also getting benefits for the advancements with the ability to offer the customized range for analyzing the market research data. The sellers are also working with the ability to offer and setting th e customized range of product offerings. (Hair et al., 2000). ResMarket Pty in Sydney can work on the improvement in the technology with the ability to access a wide range of the secondary research. The conduct is for the qualitative research through social media monitoring where one can easily conduct the focus groups through the technology. It will allow the interaction with the people across the geographic boundaries with in-depth interviews. The consumers of the research need to understand about the gathering of data with driving the change in market research process. The market research is about the ability for the organizations to approach for the customer base where there are combinations for the behavioral analysis and enrichment of the data. The new technologies enable the collection of trends like the market research with the potential customers, so that there is a need to work on the marketing survey partners. ResMarket Pty in Sydney works on the transformation of market research where there is a need to require the skills that yield for the unfiltered feedback. The data enhanced data analysis works with the increased streams of data to collect, with the setup to strengthen the customer relationship management. The use of the advanced analytics is for the power and customer retention that will help in improving the long-term loyalty. The increased importance is defined through the KPIs with the creation of the new research roles. Benefit adoption with new technology The product, price allows information with the ease to set and handle the price competition fiercer. The communization includes the package with new products and services set at a lower price with high volume, and low value approach. The development is based on the direct marketing and allows the segments to be targeted in a profitable manner. The competitors need to work on allowing the smaller players to compete with the big players. The promotional interactivity with advertising, direct marketing and the public relations and setting the capturing of customer information. The direct marketing is aligned with the digital prints for the promotional materials with the direct focus on the communication with key customers and clients. The enabling of the market is set with Agile market research with the software set for the rapid iterations. (Malhotra, 2007). Conclusion The organization and consumer works on the important factors where ResMarket Pty in Sydney handles the big data and diversified distribution opportunities. The products and the consumers are combined with the identified target market from the data that figures out the channels depending upon the market trend to use. The technology is based on ability to highlight and collect the process with the real-time requirements. The technological advancement is based on involves the integrations with the multiple data sources, with permitting a holistic view of the situation. The motivational data could be integrated with the passive collection of data, with the biometric measurements through the use of wearable devices. (Aaker et al., 2008). References Aaker, D. A., Kumar, V., Day, G. S. (2008).Marketing research. John Wiley Sons. Hair Jr, J. F., Lukas, B. (2014).Marketing research(Vol. 2). McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Hair, J. F., Bush, R. P., Ortinau, D. J. (2000).Marketing research: A practical approach for the new millennium. Irwin Professional Publishing. Malhotra, N. K. (2007).Marketing research an applied orientation. Pearson Education India. Parasuraman, A., Grewal, D. (2000). The impact of technology on the quality-value-loyalty chain: a research agenda.Journal of the academy of marketing science,28(1), 168-174.

Farm Subsidies A Necessary Evil Essay Example For Students

Farm Subsidies: A Necessary Evil? Essay Subsidies are payments, economic concessions, or privileges given by the government to favor businesses or consumers. In the 1930s, subsidies were designed to favor agriculture. John Steinbeck expressed his dislike of the farm subsidy system of the United States in his book, The Grapes of Wrath. In that book, the government gave money to farms so that they would grow and sell a certain amount of crops. As a result, Steinbeck argued, many people starved unnecessarily. Steinbeck examined farm subsidies from a personal level, showing how they hurt the common man. Subsidies have a variety of other problems, both on the micro and macro level, that should not be ignored. Despite their benefits, farm subsidies are an inefficient and dysfunctional part of our economic system. The problems of the American farmer arose in the 1920s, and various methods were introduced to help solve them. The United States still disagrees on how to solve the continuing problem of agricultural overproduction. In 1916, the number of people living on farms was at its maximum at 32,530,000. Most of these farms were relatively small (Reische 51). Technological advances in the 1920s brought a variety of effects. The use of machinery increased productivity while reducing the need for as many farm laborers. The industrial boom of the 1920s drew many workers off the farm and into the cities. Machinery, while increasing productivity, was very expensive. Demand for food, though, stayed relatively constant (Long 85). As a result of this, food prices went down. The small farmer was no longer able to compete, lacking the capital to buy productive machinery. Small farms lost their practicality, and many farmers were forced to consolidate to compete. Fewer, larger farms resulted (Reische 51 ). During the Depression, unemployment grew while income shrank. An extended drought had aggravated the farm problem during the 1930s (Reische 52). Congress, to counter this, passed price support legislation to assure a profit to the farmers. The Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936 allowed the government to limit acreage use for certain soil-depleting crops. The Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937 allowed the government to set the minimum price and amount sold of a good at the market. The Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938, farmers were given price supports for not growing crops. These allowed farmers to mechanize, which was necessary because of the scarcity of farm labor during World War II (Reische 52). During World War II, demand for food increased, and farmers enjoyed a period of general prosperity (Reische 52). In 1965, the government reduced surplus by getting farmers to set aside land for soil conservation (Blanpied 121). The Agricultural Act of 197 0 gave direct payments to farmers to set aside some of their land (Patterson 129). The 1973 farm bill lowered aid to farmers by lowering the target income for price supports. The 1970s were good years for farmers. Wheat and corn prices tripled, land prices doubled, and farm exports outstripped imports by twenty-four billion dollars (Long 88). Under the Carter administration, farm support was minimized. Competition from foreign markets, like Argentina, lowered prices and incomes (Long 88). Ronald Reagan wanted to wean the farm community from government support. Later on in his administration, though, he started the Payments In Kind policy, in which the government paid farmers not to grow major crops. Despite these various efforts, farms continue to deal with the problems that rose in the 1920s. Farm subsidies seem to have benefits for the small farmer. Each year since 1947, there has been a net out-migration of farm people (Reische 53). American farm production has tripled since 1910 while employment has fallen eighty percent (Long 82). Small family farms have the lowest total family incomes (Long 83). Farming is following a trend from many small farms to a few large farms. Competition among farmers has increased supply faster than demand. New seed varieties, better pest control, productive machinery, public investments in irrigation and transportation, and better management will increase farm output. The resulting oversupply of farm products, which creates a low profit margin, drives smaller farms out of business. Smaller farms lack the capital and income to buy the machinery they need to compete with larger farms (Long 85). Many see this tendency towards consolidation and mechanization of farms to be harmful to the United States in the long run, and they see subsidies as a way of achieving a social desire to preserve the family farm. If the family farm represents anything, its a very intimate and fundamental relationship between people and resources (MacFadyen 138). Fewer farms mean fewer jobs and a higher concentration of wealth. Ten 30,000-acre farms may produce as much food as a hundred 3000-acre farms, but the former supports machinery; the latter, community (MacFadyen 138). Farm subsidies are designed to prevent the extinction of the small farmer. .u92bc1c7c43ca4a9fac0ef38f1a5731fe , .u92bc1c7c43ca4a9fac0ef38f1a5731fe .postImageUrl , .u92bc1c7c43ca4a9fac0ef38f1a5731fe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u92bc1c7c43ca4a9fac0ef38f1a5731fe , .u92bc1c7c43ca4a9fac0ef38f1a5731fe:hover , .u92bc1c7c43ca4a9fac0ef38f1a5731fe:visited , .u92bc1c7c43ca4a9fac0ef38f1a5731fe:active { border:0!important; } .u92bc1c7c43ca4a9fac0ef38f1a5731fe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u92bc1c7c43ca4a9fac0ef38f1a5731fe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u92bc1c7c43ca4a9fac0ef38f1a5731fe:active , .u92bc1c7c43ca4a9fac0ef38f1a5731fe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u92bc1c7c43ca4a9fac0ef38f1a5731fe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u92bc1c7c43ca4a9fac0ef38f1a5731fe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u92bc1c7c43ca4a9fac0ef38f1a5731fe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u92bc1c7c43ca4a9fac0ef38f1a5731fe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u92bc1c7c43ca4a9fac0ef38f1a5731fe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u92bc1c7c43ca4a9fac0ef38f1a5731fe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u92bc1c7c43ca4a9fac0ef38f1a5731fe .u92bc1c7c43ca4a9fac0ef38f1a5731fe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u92bc1c7c43ca4a9fac0ef38f1a5731fe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rice EssayDespite the social benefits, subsidies have many problems. The subsidy system is often wasteful; the government finances irrigation systems in the California Imperial Valley, and then pays farmers not to grow crops on it (Solkoff 27). Some benefits hurt the small farmer. Marketing orders and tax breaks hurt small operators by giving more money to bigger farms. Big farms can then overproduce and undersell using advanced machinery, driving lesser farms out of business (Fox 28). Subsidies also allow foreign markets to become competitive by artificially raising market prices (Long 91). Artificially raising market prices create a surplus that would normally be solved by the free market system. In a theoretical free market, overproduction would drive excess farms out of business, until equilibrium would establish itself for both price and quantity of farm products. Subsidies allow inefficient farms to continue to exist, which creates an inefficient economic system. Subsidies also increase the cost of other consumer products, while also increasing taxes to pay for them. Perhaps most importantly, subsidies do not fulfill their social role. About 112,000 large farms equivalent to the number of farms in Minnesota alone produce half the nations food and fiber (Long 82). The many government subsidy policies do not preserve the family farm, and the number of small farms has almost continuously been on the decline. Subsidies are impractical in the economic and the social aspects. Despite perceived benefits, farm subsidies are an inefficient and dysfunctional part of our economic system. Their goal, nonetheless, is noble. Writers like John Steinbeck made people aware of the plight of the small farmer, and subsidies were the only solution he government could think of. If there is some way to prevent the decline of small farms that does not carry the many subsidy problems, the agricultural policy would undoubtedly change. Perhaps the same anti-trust laws that prevented the monopolizing of industry could be used to prevent the consolidation of farms. Until some other system is developed that can deal with the problems of the farmer, subsidies will continue to be used. Works CitedBlanpied, Nancy. Farm Policy. Congressional Quarterly: Washington D.C., 1984. Fox, Michael. Agricide. Schoken Books: New York, 1986. Long, Robert Emmet. The Farm Crisis. Wilson Co.: New York, 1987. MacFadyen, J. Tevere. Gaining Ground. Holt, Reinhart, and Winston: New York, 1966. Reische, Diana. U.S. Agricultural Policy. Wilson Co.: New York, 1966. Solkoff, Joel. The Politics of Food. Sierra Club Books: San Francisco, 1985.